The history of science offers many examples of how the powers that we have protected and rewarded scientists like alchemists who claimed the ability to make gold. With the advent of the Science Academies in the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists were supported and encouraged with stipends and rewar[...]

The Nobel Prizes in natural sciences have developed to become a unique measure of scientific excellence. Using archival documents, which have been released (50 years secrecy) for scholarly work, the author expertly traces the strengths and weaknesses of the Nobel system as exemplified by individual [...]

Each year the Nobel Prizes in the natural sciences reveal amazing discoveries. New milestones in the relentless advance of science are identified. The growth of knowledge and its evolution can be researched in the Nobel archives where nominations are kept secret for 50 years after the awards have be[...]